Soukie's Place
keeping track of random thoughtsThe Eye and HDR Photography
Gallery of images with high dynamic range
Sight is easily the most important sense we have, and not quite easily fooled with imitations. Although ‘3D’ seems to be all the rage nowadaysWas this article first published when intended I could not have this reference. But I am going to leave James Cameron’s new landmark film alone, and get a closer look at HDR photography with examples taken by Steven Richards — happy birthday, man!, even if we turn a blind eye to the stereoscopic nature of vision, the other eye still packs enough powers to put TVs and pictures to shame.
Eye in Numbers
- A glossy photograph has a contrast ratio of 100:1
- Contrast ratio reproduced in a movie theater is around 500:1
- Cameras give useful results with contrasts going up from 200:1 to 1,000:1.
- Human eye has an immediate or static range of 100:1 up to 1,000:1 (depending on definition and source)
- A daylight scene might have a contrast ratio of 5,000:1
- An indoor scene with daylight visible through a window is over 100,000:1
- Given time to adjust, human eye adapts across dynamic range of more than 1,000,000:1
- There are some 5 million cone cells (color sensitive) and 90 million rod cells (black and white) in the retina.
Nature is presenting us with differences between bright light and deep darkness which have contrast that dwarfs the reproductions we can make on canvas, paper, screen or television. The human eye is well equipped to handle these huge differences (at least given a few moments). The camera is not capable of this (and even if it was, the paper or screen are even more limiting factors) and that is why people came up with techniques for capturing and representing more than can be ordinarily possible.
The eye is often compared to a camera but this comparison is misleading. Our sight is based on biochemical and neurological processing that makes it difficult to quantify. A good example of this is how the rod cells in the retina of the eye require less light than the cone cells that differentiate between colors. This is, of course, why we cannot tell colors easily in low-light conditions. But the rod cells do not react to all light frequencies so an interior of a submarine lit only by red lights allowed the captain to look through the periscope into the night without waiting for his eyes to adjust to the darkness outside.
To present images with high dynamic range (hdr), the problem is essentially how to reduce the real scale of contrast using a much smaller range while keeping all the details. In practical terms, this means that the sky and clouds are not quite so bright on hdr pictures as they are in reality, and the areas hidden in shadows are rendered in lighter tones. On a regular picture, the details of the sky might be completely washed out into white, and the dark shadows lost in black.
Some examples of the hdr technology are shown in the galleryActivate galleries by clicking on the picture (a magnifying glass appears), or click this link. Navigate between pictures by clicking the right or left half of the image., together with a chart and an example illustrating how it is done. Today, the process is much simpler than it used to be, especially when you have a camera that enables bracketing and some photo editing software that contains hdr features but the art of creating compelling images is not any easier.
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Hello HTML5, Goodbye Flash
The history of the World Wide Web is very recent, so the web standards are changing. Unfortunately, the changes do not happen as fast as might be expected from such a new medium.
Before discussing html 5, it will be useful to clarify the terminology. Give me one minute, and I promise the sentence “html is a language for writing www pages that are transferred using http over the Internet” will make sense if it has not. The middle section will tell you an interesting tidbit or two about the less-known areas of the Internet in as much time, and the last section will finally explain why html 5 is a good thing.
What is the Web, Anyway?
Let me start with the elusive Internet. It is simply a global network of computers. For the computers to communicate (much like when people want to send a letter) there need to be two things: addresses, and some method of delivery (such as the post office).
The Internet solves these requirements using the Transmission Control Protocol — the delivery system — and Internet Protocol which is the addressing system which assigns a number to every computer. This tcp/ip implementation is what distinguishes the Internet from other networks.
Just as you can use post to send a letter, package or a post card, the Internet is also used for different applications. The World Wide Web of interlinked pages (technically called hypertext documents) is such an application, and it requires a set of rules, Hypertext Transfer Protocol in this case (which is the http part of the address; telling the browser to navigate web pages, rather than, say download a file using a File Transfer Protocol).
The last bit of the puzzle is the html which stands for Hyper Text Markup Language: It is nothing more than a defined way of annotating the text to indicate how it should be displayed and ‘behave’.
Why It’s Not So Easy
Internet Quicksands
There was a big upheaval in 2003 when one of the organizations responsible for registering domains ending in ‘.com’ and ‘.net’ adapted the name resolution so that anyone entering any non-existingFor example as a result of a typo (such as www.microssoft.com). address would be directed to this registrar’s website instead of issuing an error that the page did not exist.
It is possible to go even further and create a ‘parallel Web.’ Alternative root servers could resolveSince the computers in the Internet are identified by their ip number, not name; the domain address needs to be translated, or resolved, to the numeric ip address. the domain name in a way to point your browser to a different address. In fact, such domain name servers do exist, and usually allow additional top-level domainsOne of these used to be .biz, and after this was officially introduced by icann, there actually was a situation when the name www.yourcompany.biz could point to different pages depending on the configuration. that are not sanctioned by icann.
The last issue I will mention is that the available ip addresses are almost used up. In fact, most computers are now “hidden” in corporate or home networks behind a single deviceThis is a workaround that makes your lives more difficult whether you realize it or not. E.g. when you need your computer to communicate effectively with the computers outside your private network; or especially to reach that computer from the outside., and do not have a unique address. This is not how the Internet was meant to be though. The solutionAn update of the IPv4 protocol, called IPv6. to this has been around since 1998 but is still largely unused. Every device could truly be in the Internet already now, but the progress is held back.
A very difficult question to answer is: Who is controlling all of the above? That is a tough cookie even if you break it up into individual layers that make up the Internet (the physical wires, the protocols, ip addresses etc.). One important organization, icannInternet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers, based in California, United States, is responsible for assigning the addresses and top-level domain names (such as .net in soukie.net) and it also maintains key (root) servers that translate the domain names into the ip numeric addresses. But even this areas can be quite hazy, as the examples in the box illustrate.
Enter html 5
The above helped me appreciate that defining a new version of the language for writing the web pages and putting it into usage is no simple task. The organization behind this effort is the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). It is responsible for creating recommendations for the use of Hyper Text Markup Language, Cascading Style Sheets and other standards. “Recommendation” is actually the proper term: it is the final and highest form of defining and enforcing the standard.
While the inherent lack of an overseeing authority on the Internet is good for protecting the freedom, it also causes the frustratingly slow process of defining and adopting improvements: The third version of css has been in the works for eleven years now and the last version of html will turn ten years old this year.
True, in case of the html it is not so disastrous because W3C had been workingThe last Recommendation for xhtml was published in 2001. The work on the drafts for the second version was stopped in 2009. on a variation called xhtml. The main problem with xhtml however is that even the pages written in xhtml are in the vast majority of cases not served and processed as xml, and the few that are cannot be opened in any version of Internet Explorer.
And into this gloom enters the upcoming html 5. For users, the fact that it combines the development of html and xhtml is not of much consequence. But what it also does is it brings video and audio. You might say that video has been on the web for ages (certainly before YouTube) and you would be partially right. But the video was part of the mark up language about as much as if every time you wanted to back up with your car, you had to hand it over to another driver: Until now, all video and audio has been handled via third-party, proprietary plugins.
The new video and audio is not good just for the people who do not feel comfortable depending on Adobe or Microsoft (although I do favor the principle to prevent cornering the users as a result of acquisitionsThe acquisition of Macromedia (creators of Flash) is not the prime example. The users were likely hurt more when Adobe acquired PageMaker and FrameMaker, or by Microsoft Business Solutions’ acquisition of all their major offerings (Great Plains, Navision, Axapta). etc.). html 5 allows playback of audio and video on mobile phones and devices that do not support plugins (cf. iPhone which does not run Flash but supports html 5 media). Plus, the pages can also do more with the playback because they do not give up the control to someone else.
html 5 offers more cool features. There is a drawing element allowing complex user interfaces or flexible multimedia. The documents carry more semantic information, which will allow search engines and browsers to “understand” the function of the parts of the document and deliver a better experience. The web pages can also do more sophisticated actions, including storing data locally and offline functionality.
So when will this become a reality? Some say 2022. It largely depends on the makers of the browsers. I can understand why Microsoft had not included any of the css 3 or html 5 in Internet Explorer 8. But it is not helping to push the envelope. When a major browser waits for standards to reach the stable Recommendation phase, the web designers also hold off using the new features to make sure the pages will work properly for all users. My hope is that given enough experiments, a momentum can be built that will ensure we will see the new face of the web in wide use before the predicted 2022.
If you are interested in using html 5 audio and video on your website, check out the Degradable HTML5 audio and video Plugin.
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A Walk Through the Changes
Soukie’s Place turned one year old on September the 17th. But as Harrison Ford beautifully ad-libbed in Raiders of the Lost Ark: “It’s not the years … it’s the mileage.” Join me for a brief look at what has changed, and a lamentation on the decline of media.
The past year brought a number of bad news but I would like to take this opportunity to discuss how these events have influenced “the news” themselves. But before I get to that — this being the anniversary of Soukie’s Site — a few introspective words:
Twenty-one articles were published over six months of activity (there was a break when I was adjusting after relocating to a different country). In keeping with the tag line…keeping track of random thoughts…, the subjects range from philosophy to technology, so feel free to subscribe only to the areas that interest you. If you use a compatible browserAt this time Firefox or Safari to support all the features properly. But whatever the browser of your choice, make sure you have its latest version installed on your computer., you can enjoy the upgraded look with professional fonts and audio or video playback without pluginsThis and other improvements that are part of the upcoming html5 are going to be discussed in the upcoming article.. You can also watch a video showcasing other bells-and-whistles that make reading Soukie’s Place hopefully more enjoyable.
As was promised, let’s have a look at what the professional media have been up to during the past year.
The economic pressures apparently served to accelerate a very unfortunate process that has been around for a long time: That of media approaching the (lowest) common denominator in order to attract the widest audience. This inevitably lowers the average quality, leading to a downward spiral. Newspapers and TV networks should not underestimate the audience, and certainly should not be afraid of addressing complex issues in a way that does them justice. As things are, most media are doing a great disservice to everyone by not stimulating their readers, viewers and listeners to rise from wherever they happen to be. Apparently, the opposite pays better.
Thinking about the above trend prompted me to expand the criteria for my articles to make sure I would not be tempted to follow suit in order to get more readers or donations. Soukie’s Place is not here to generate income, so I am luckily free to write as I see fit. On the other hand, I am convinced it must be possible for professional media to adhere to high standards (much higher than is within my abilities) and not run out of business while doing so.
As for the future, if I can have my readers find it half as interesting and fun to read the articles as it is for me to prepare and write them, it will be a great new year!
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